INTRODUCTION:

Acne vulgaris, is a epidermis disorder that occurs when hair raiser are obstruct with lifeless skin cells and oil from the skin^{(1,2,27,28,29)}. It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring^(3,4,30,31). In the 16th century, the French physician and botanist François SauvagesdeBoissier deLacroix gives one of the earlier descriptions of acne. He used the term "psydraciaachne" to describe small, red and hard tubercles that altered a person's facial appearance during adolescence, and were neither itchy nor painful^{(5,6,32,33,34)}.

A gel is a solid or semisolid system of at least two constituents, consisting of a condensed mass enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid^(7,8,35,36).

Resorcinol and sulfur are usually found together in acne products. Resorcinol helps to prevent comedones by removing the buildup of dead skin cells. Sulfur has been used for reduce excess oil^{(9,10,37,38,39)}.

According to the inflammation acne are divided into three category^{(11,12,13,40)}.

Table 1: Types of Acne

S. No	Types of Acne	Characterization
1	Mild Acne	Whiteheads, Blackheads (non-inflammatory)
2	Moderate Acne	Papules, Pustules (inflammatory)
3	Severe Acne	Nodules, Cysts(inflammatory)

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Materials: Resorcinol, Sulfur, Propylene glycol, Methylparaben, Carbopol, Alcohol, Purified watertaken from pharmaceutical laboratory ofSSTC, SSGI, FPS.

Table 2: Ingredient`s table

S. No	Ingredients
1	Resorcinol(R)
2	Sulfur(S)
3	Propylene glycol (PG)
4	Methylparaben (MP)
5	Carbopol (C)
6	Alcohol (A)
7	Purified water (W)

Fig 1: Acne gel

METHOD:

Preparationof gel: The gel was formulated in laboratory of ShriShankaracharyaTechnical Campus, SSGI (Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences), Bhilai. In this study gel of different ratio were prepared^{(14,41,42,43)}.

Fig 2: Procedure for preparation of gel Four formulations were prepared in different ratios of chemicals for the preliminary studies.

Table 3: Formulation table in different ratio

S. No	Sample	R gm	S gm	C mg	MP Mg	PG ml	A ml	W ml
1	F1	2	4	500	80	1	10	30
2	F2	2	5	500	75	2	13	35
3	F3	1.5	3	300	60	2	13	50
4	F4	1.5	2	400	70	1	12	60

Characterization:

After getting the best formula based on accurate Resorcinol, Sulfur, Propylene glycol, Methylparaben, Carbopol, Alcohol, Purified water ratio, it was further studied for its characterization such asColour, Appearance, Odour, Feel of application, Extrudability, pH value, viscosity, Spreadability, Stability, Grittiness, Homogeneity, In Vivo study^{(15,16,43,44)}. All these studies are conducted in the laboratory of SSTC, SSGI, FPS.

Physical appearance:

The physical appearance was visually checked for thecolour, appearance, odour, feel of application gel formulation was noted.^{(17,18,19,45,46)}.

P^HValue:

The pH of gel formulations were determined by using the digital pH meter. One gram of gel was dissolved in 100 ml distilled water and stored for two hours. Electrodes were completely dipped into the gel formulations and pH was noted. The measurement of pH of each formulation was done in triplicate and average values were calculated.^(19,46).

Extrudability Determination:

Thegel formulations were filled into collapsible metal tubes. The tubes were pressed to extrude the material and the extrudability of the formulations was checked. The extrudability of the formulation was determined in terms of weight in grams required to extrude a 0.5 cm ribbon of gel in 10 seconds.^(20,47,48).

Viscosity Determination:

The viscosity of the prepared gel formulations was measured by Brook field viscometer model –WDV-8. The sufficient quantity of gel was filled in wide mouth jar separately. The height of the gel filled in the wide mouth jar should sufficiently allow dipping the spindle. The RPM of the spindle was adjusted to 2.5 RPM. The viscosities of the formulations were recorded.^(21,49).

Spreadability:

It indicates the extent of area to which gel readily spreads on application to skin or affected part. The therapeutic potency of a formulation also depends upon its spreading value. Spreadability is expressed in terms of time in seconds taken by two slides to slip off from gel which is placed in between the slides under the direction of certain load. Lesser the time taken for the separation of two slides, better the spreadability^(22,50). It is calculated by using the formula.

S = M. L / T

Where,

M = Weight tied to upper slide

L = Length of glass slide

T = Time taken to separate the slides

Stability Studies:

The stability studies were carried out for all the prepared gel formulations by freeze – thaw cycling. Here, by subjecting the formulations to a temperature of 4^oC for one month, then at 25^oC for one month and then 40^oC for one month and syneresis was observed. After this, the gel is exposed to ambient room temperature and liquid exudate separating is noted.^{(23,24,51,52)}.

Homogeneity:

After the gel formulations have been set in the container, all developed gels were tested for homogeneity by visual inspection. They were tested for their appearance andpresence of any lumps, flocculates or aggregates.^{(25,26,53,54,55)}.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

1. Physical appearance - the physical appearance test of l gel is done by observing it through sensory organ and following observation is made.

Table 4: Organoleptic properties

S. No	Physical appearance	Result
1	Colour	Pale green colour
2	Odour	Pleasant odour
3	Appearance	Translucent
4	Feel of application	Smooth

2. pH value - pH values of the sample is measured by using pH meter of model number Me-962P.The graph indicates that all the resulted pH values are in range between 6.7–7.4. These values indicatethat gel is suitable for topical administration.

Table 5: pH value of Formulation

S. No	Sample	P^H
1	F1	4.9
2	F2	5.3
3	F3	6
4	F4	5.8

Fig 3: Graphical representation of P^H values

Viscosity measurement: Viscosity of the sample is measured by using Brook field viscometer model –WDV-8.

Table6: Result recorded for viscosity measurement

S. No	Sample	Viscosity
1	F1	1,00,080
2	F2	1,52,030
3	F3	50,075
4	F4	62,000

Fig 4: Graphical representation of viscosity

Homogeneity:

It is tested for their appearance and presence of any lumps, flocculates or aggregates.

Table 7: Homogeneity

S. No	Sample	Homogeneity
1	F1	Flocculates
2	F2	Flocculates
3	F3	Aggregates
4	F4	Aggregates

In- Vivo Studies: In- Vivo Studies are performed by the help of franz diffusion cell in the goat skin.

Fig 5: Working of Franz diffusion cell

Fig 6: Determination of absorbance by UV-1800

Table 8: In- Vivo Test

Absorption range
Time	F1	F2	F3	F4
0 min.	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
2.5min.	0.110	0.119	0.105	0.111
5min.	0.201	0.220	0.215	0.299
10min.	0.371	0.358	0.308	0.443
12.5min.	0.458	0.463	0.399	0.513
15min.	0.458	0.463	0.399	0.513
30min.	0.458	0.463	0.399	0.513

Fig 7: Graphical representation of In-VIVO Test

Stability Test:

Table 9: Stability data after 7 days

S. No	Sample	Temperature ^.C
S. No	Sample	2-4^.C	20-25^.C	35-40^.C
1	F1	Stable	Stable	Stable
2	F2	Stable	Stable	Stable
3	F3	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable
4	F4	Stable	Stable	Un-stable

Table 10: Stability data after 14 days

S. No	Sample	Temperature ^.C
S. No	Sample	2-4^.C	20-25^.C	35-40^.C
1	F1	Stable	Stable	Un-stable
2	F2	Stable	Stable	Stable
3	F3	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable
4	F4	Stable	Stable	Un-stable

Table 11: Stability data after 21 days

S. No	Sample	Temperature ^.C
S. No	Sample	2-4^.C	20-25^.C	35-40^.C
1	F1	Stable	Stable	Un-stable
2	F2	Stable	Stable	Stable
3	F3	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable
4	F4	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable

Table 12: Stability data after 28 days

S. No	Sample	Temperature ^.C
S. No	Sample	2-4^.C	20-25^.C	35-40^.C
1	F1	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable
2	F2	Stable	Stable	Un-stable
3	F3	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable
4	F4	Stable	Un-stable	Un-stable

Spreadability:

Table 13: Spreability

S. No	Sample	Spreability (g.cm/sec)
1	F1	10.9
2	F2	10.2
3	F3	8.7
4	F4	7.9

DISCUSSION:

The important criterion for selection of components for gel formulation is their compatibility with other component. It has been demonstrated that only few excipients combinations lead to effective gel formulations Resorcinol was selected as Absorbent for the development of the gel because it is known to treat the symptoms related with Acne.

Maintaining the pH value is significant for determining the stability of the gel because change in pH specifies the occurrence of chemical reactions in the. The resulting pH of sample F1, F2, F3, F4 is found as 100080, 152031, 50075, 62000 respectively. The sample F2 with grater viscosity of 152031 is found to be more stable.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

Authors want to acknowledge the facilities provided by the Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, SSGI Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh. The authors also grateful to Mr. Gyanesh Sahu Sir for his help to compete work in stipulated period of time.

CONCLUSION:

This study is further aimed to perform in vivo studies for acne the concentration of resorcinol reaching into the skin and to study its effect in treatment of Acne.

REFERENCE:

1. Aslam I, Fleischer A and Feldman S. Review article on the emerging drugs for the treatment of acne: Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, Published on March 2015: 20(1): 91–101.

2. Ansari N, Bharti R, N. Abdul Kader N.S, Mandavi N, Verma S, Kaur C.D, Sahu G and Sharma H. Review article skin penetration enhancement in novel drug delivery system. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 6, 2018; 1-19.

3. Tripathi S, Sahu U, Meshram J, Kumari R, Tripathi D.K, Ajazuddin, Alexander A, Sharma H, Sahu G. Research article Formulation and characterization of virgin coconut oil emulsion (vcoe) for treatment of alzheimer’s disease. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. Issue-02 April- June, 2018; 1-6.

4. Vary, JC and Jr. Review article on the selected disorders of skin appendages — acne, alopecia, hyperhidrosis: The Medical Clinics of North America.Published on November 2015: 99 (6): 1195–1211. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.07.003. PMID 26476248.

5. Bhate K, Williams HC. Review article on the epidemiology of acne vulgaris: The British Journal of Dermatology. Published on March 2013: 168 (3): 474–85. doi:10.1111/bjd.12149. PMID 23210645.

6. Tilles G. Review article on the history of concepts Dermatology Acne pathogenesis: Published on September 2014: 229 (1): 1–46. doi:10.1159/000364860. PMID 25228295.

7. Gupta S, Sahu G, Sharma M, Chandrakar S, Sahu V, Sharma G, Dewangan K, Solanki H, Majumdar M, Tripathi D.K, Alexander A, Ajazuddin. Preparation and Optimization of floating microbeads of ciprofloxacin HCl. Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 9(7): July 2016;1-5.

8. Dapurkar V, Sahu G, Sharma H, Meshram S, Rai G. Research ArticleAnti-Arthritic Activity of Roots Extract of BoerhaaviaDiffusainAdjuvantInduced Arthritis Rats. Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy (SAJP). Sch. Acad. J. Pharm., 2013; 2(2):107-109.

9. Tripathi P. Review of article on the pharmaceutical gels, in summarized form: Published on April 2019: Volume 7 No 4.

10. Palmer A. Review of article on Over-the-Counter Treatments for Acne: Published on 30 March 2019.

11. Cherney K. Medically reviewed by Cynthia cobb, APRN: Published on 5 March 2018.

12. Loyd V, Allen J. Basic of compounding for acne: Published on 30 September 2013: Volume 2 Number 1.

13. Somnath P. 17 million persons have acne vulgaris in U.S. Pharm: Published onApril 1997;22(4):15.

14. Gossel TA. OTC anti-acne medications, U.S. Pharm: Published on October 1990; 15:24-34.

15. Roy A, Wahane A, Karankal S, Sharma P, Khutel D, Singh O, Shardul V, Pitamber, Sabha N, Dewangan J, Dewangan A, Jangde A, Rani C, Sahu T, Tripathi D. K., Agrawal M, Ajazuddin, Sahu G, Alexander A. REVIEW ARTICLE Pharmaceutical Aspects on the Formulations of Hydrogel: An Update. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. January- March, 2018; 1-6.

16. Sahu G, Sharma H, Gupta A, KaurC.Review Article Advancements in Microemulsion Based Drug Delivery Systems for Better Therapeutic Effects.International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Developmental Research. 31 August, 2015; 1-8.

17. Kader N S A, Ansari N, Bharti R, Mandavi N, Sahu G, Jha A K, Sharma H; Review article; Novel Approaches for Colloidal Drug Delivery System: Nanoemulsion; Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 10(4): October- December, 2018.

18. Sharma H, Dapurkar V K, RaiG, Sahu G K; Research article; Microemulsions for the Topical Administration of 5- Fluorouracil: Preparation and Evaluation; Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 5(8): August 2012.

19. Mandavi N, Ansari N, Barti R, Kader N S A, Sahu G, Sharma H; Review article, Microemulsion: A Potential Novel Drug Delivery System; Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Technology. 10(4): October- December, 2018.

20. Sahu S k, Ajazuddin, BanjareT,Gupta S, Bhandarkar A, Sahu H, Diwedi S.D, Sahu P, Agrawal P, Yadav P, Bhatt A, Sahu K, Dewangan D, Thapa H, Deepika, Sahu G, Sharma M, Tripathi D.K., Alexander A; Research article;Formulation and evaluation of orodispersible tablet of montelukast sodium; Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 11(3): March 2018.

21. Sahu g, Sharma H, Dapurkar V, Rai G; Research article; Development and Evaluation of Methotraxate Loaded BSA Microspheres; Int. Res J Pharm. App Sci., 2012; 2(5): 9-12.

22. Marwa H, Shukr L and Ghada F Metwally 21 Department of Pharmaceutics, and 2Department of Plant Tissue Culture, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Cairo, Egypt

23. Adhirajan, N., Dixit, V. K. and Chandrakasan, G. 2001. Development and evaluation of herbal formulations for hair growth. Indian Drugs. 38(11): 559 – 563.

24. Ashwini, S. D., Somishwar, S. K. and Shweta, S. S. 2014. Formulation and evaluation of vanishing herbal cream of crude drugs. American J. Ethnomedicine. 1(5):313-318.

25. Das, K., Dang, R. and Manjunath, U. M. 2009. Formulation and evaluation of a novel herbal gel of stevia extract. Iranian J. of Dermatol. 12(4): 117-122

26. Nema, R. K, Banerjee, P. S. and Sharma, M. 2009. Preparation, evaluation and hair growth stimulating activity of herbal hair oil. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Res., 1(1): 261-267.

27. PochiPE. Acne vulgaris. In: DemisDJ, DobsonRL, McGuire JL, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2, Unit 10-12. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1985:1-25.

28. Rothman KF, Pochi PE. Use of oral and topical agents for acne in pregnancy. Jamacad dermatol 1988; 19:431-42.

29. Shalita AR, Cunningham WJ, Leyden 11, etaI. Isotretinoin treatment of acne and related disorders: An update. j Am Acad Dermatol1983; 9:629-38.

30. Shalita AR, Leyden JE, PochiPE, et al. Acne vulgaris. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16:410-2.

31. Niyaz, B. B., Kalyani, P. and Divakar G. 2011. Formulation and evaluation of gel containing fluconazole antifungal agent. International J. Drug Dev. and Res. 3(4): 109-128.

32. Pande, S. D., Joshi, S. B., Bobade, N. N., Wankhade, V. P. and Tapar, K. T. 2011. Formulation and development of a liposome based hair revitalizer. Research Journal of Topical and Cosmetic Science, 2(1): 14-17.

33. Arellano A, Santoyo S, Martin C and Ygartua P, Influence of propylene glycol and isopropyl myristate on the in vitro percutaneous penetration of diclofenac sodium from carbopol gels, Eur.J.Pharm. Sci, 1999, 7 (2): 129 – 135.

34. Choi E.M.; Lee Y.S. Luteolin suppresses IL-1b-induced cytokines and MMPs production via p38 MAPK, JNK, NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in human synovial sarcoma cell line, SW982. Food Chem. Toxicol., v.48, n.10, p.26072611, 2010.

35. Feldmann M.; Maini S.R. Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis: an education in pathophysiology and therapeutics. Immunol. Rev., v.223, p.7-19, 2008.

36. Babu K.C.V.; Krishnakumari S. Cardiospermumhalicacabum suppresses the production of TNF-α and NO by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Afr. J. Biomed. Res., v.9, p.95-99, 2006.

37. Sahu G, Sharma H, Kaur C.D., Review article; A Novel Approach of Magnetic Modulated Microspheres; Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2013; Vol. 3: Issue 4, Pg 220-224.

38. Sahu G, Sharma H, Kaur C.D., Review article; Evolving concepts and targeting of arthritis; World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 3, Issue 4, 2014. 1960.

39. Sharma H, Sahu G.K., Dapurkar V; Review article; An overview of new drug delivery system: Microemulsion; Int. Res J Pharm. App Sci., 2012; 2(5): 1-8.

40. RaficeTehrani M and Mehramizi A, In vitro release studies of piroxicam from oil in water creams and hydro alcoholic topical gel formulation, Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm, 1996, 26(4): 409- 414.

41. Behzadmehr R, Parooei F, Salarzaei M. Varices of the Round Ligament with Thrombosis (A Review Article and Report). Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2018;11(1):405-6.

42. Ulaganathan G, Senthilkumar R. Citations and Self citations of Indian Authors in Pharmacy Journals: A Study Based on Indian Citation Index. Journal of Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences & Pharmacology Interventions. 2017;1(1):14-20.

43. Sharma D, Soni M, Kumar S, Gupta GD. Solubility enhancement–eminent role in poorly soluble drugs. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2009;2(2):220-4.

44. Rosman A, Simon R. Flow heterogeneity in reservoir rocks. Journal of Petroleum Technology. 1976 Dec 1;28(12):1-427.

45. Manokaran S, Jaswanth A, Sengottuvelu S, Nandhakumar J, Duraisamy R, Karthikeyan D, Mallegaswari R. Hepatoprotective activity of Aervalanata Linn. againstparacetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2008;1(4):398-400.

46. Chanda R, Mahapatro SK, Mitra T, Roy A, Bahadur S. Development of Oral Mucoadhesive Tablets of TerbutalineSulphate Using Some Natural Materials Extracted from Albelmoschusesculeatus and Tamarindusindica. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2008;1(1):46-51.

47. Alam N, Agrawal OP, Alam P, Agrawal S, Kaushik M, Dhari JS, Sharma OP. Natural Immunoenhancers. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2011;4(10):1526-32.

48. Kumar L. An Overview on Preparation and Evaluation of Microparticulated Intra-Vaginal Gel. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2009;2(1):48-51.

49. Al-Snafi AE. Chemical constituents and pharmacological importance of Agropyronrepens–A review. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 2015;1(2):37-41.

50. Udgirkar DB, Hiremath SN, Rao KS, Pawar D. Formulation and in-vitro evaluation of buccoadhesive tablets containing ketoconazole inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2009;2(2):396-404.

51. Shirsat MK, Gupta SK, Vaya R, Dwivedi J, Singhvi IJ, Ashawat MS, Mahatma OP. Chemometric Study of Herbal Extracts of Calotropisgigantea Linn. By FT-IR Spectroscopy. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2011;4(7):1052-4.

52. Ekka NR, Namdeo KP, Samal PK. Standardization strategies for herbal drugs-An overview. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2008;1(4):310-2.

53. Alagusundaram M, Chetty CM, Umasankari K, Anitha P, Gnanprakash K, Dhachinamoorthi D. Buccal Drug Delivery System–An Overview. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2009;2(4):653-63.

54. Shankar NB, Kumar NU, Balakrishna PK, Kumar RP. Preparation and in vitro evaluation of lamivudine entrapped MOI microspheres for oral administration. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2008;1(4):437-40.

55. Janati A, Amini A, Adham D, Naseriasl M. Referral system in Iran's health sector and world's leading countries. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2017 Jun 1;10(6):1597-602.

Received on 12.04.2019 Modified on 16.05.2019

Res. J. Pharma. Dosage Forms and Tech.2019; 11(3):159-163.

DOI: 10.5958/0975-4377.2019.00027.2